A state of a substance or matter
describes its physical phase and composition. Matter exist in many
states but there are three elementary states of matter which we see in
our daily life. Let us see what are the three
states of matter and examples of the
three states of matter through our daily experiences.
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Three basic states are: solid, liquid,
and gas.
In solid
state the particles of matter are closely packed. There is no free
movement in the particles of the matter but there can be vibration in
them. This is because the internal force of attraction between the
particles is very strong. Solids have a fixed shape and volume. These
cannot be changed without external pressure or force on them.
Examples of these are rocks, ice, wood, sand, iron rod, paper etc.
Liquid
is another phase in which a matter exists. An important property of
this is that it has a constant volume but its shape is not fixed as
it takes the shape of the container in which it is kept. Because of
this it is in compressible fluid. In liquid states
of matter molecules can move w.r.to each other and the force
of attraction in them is lesser than solids. Examples: water, oil,
honey, lemonade, juices, petrol etc.
Gas
is the third elementary form in which matter exists. Gaseous molecules
have large kinetic energy and can move freely. Gaseous matter does not
have fixed volume and shape. Its volume can be increased or decreased
with pressure. Inter molecular forces among them are very small. It
takes the whole volume of the container in which it is kept. Eg: air,
steam, oxygen, co2 etc.
You may sometimes listen to a fourth
state of matter. what are the 4 states of matter
? we have seen three elementary states yet, now the fourth state of
matter is plasma. This state does
not have fixed volume and shape. It is mostly found in ionized from
of gas. Plasma is electrically conductive while gas is not. Eg:
stars, lightning, etc.
There are seven
states of matter till now which have been found. These are:
above stated four states, Quark-gluon plasma, Bose-Einstein
condensate and Fermionic condensate.
Quark gluon plasma particles move in
one direction while in other states particles move in random
directions.
Bose Einstein condensates exist when
matter is frozen to very low temperature. The atoms of this state
overlap on each other. Example-super-fluids and super conductors.
Fermionic condensates are obtained from fermions. This state is
related to previous state. These exist in super fluid state.
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